The quake hit at 03:36 (01:36 GMT), 76 km (47 miles) southeast of the city, at the very shallow depth of 10km (six miles), the USGS said,
In Rome, some buildings shook for 20 seconds, according to La Repubblica newspaper.
So far, there are no reports of damage or casualties.
However the USGS predicted these could be significant, based on data from previous quakes.
The prime minister's office said the government was in touch with regional heads of the civil protection agency.
The quake was initially reported as being magnitude 6.4.